The “Necessity Defense” in Florida: Can You Break the Law to Save a Dying Cat?

By: John Guidry

Some things in life are necessary, but not necessarily legal. Under crisis situations, folks may believe it necessary to commit a crime in order to avoid some perceived harm or danger. For example, say you have a suspended driver’s license, you’re out in the middle of nowhere, and your driver-friend has a heart attack. Would it be necessary to commit the crime of driving on a suspended license? When caught driving to the hospital, the defense would be known as the “necessity defense” (quite similar to the duress defense, which I discuss in a previous article called “He Made Me Do It“). Our discussion for today takes a look at how the necessity defense works.

Acted Out of Necessity in Orlando? If you broke the law to prevent what you believed was a greater harm, you may have a powerful defense. Call my office to discuss the specific facts of your case. Call John Guidry: (407) 423-1117

In Brooks v. State, 122 So. 3d 418 (Fla. 2nd DCA 2013), Brooks was convicted of his third DUI within a 10 year period, and thus his misdemeanor DUI was upgraded to a felony charge. But Brooks had a defense. A great defense, if you’re a cat lover. You see, Brooks was pretty drunk one night when several friends begged for his help. Their cat was dying, and the only veterinary clinic available for treatment was an all-night clinic for which they had no ride. As of yet, universal health care does not apply to kitty cats, so their only choice was to have a tipsy Brooks drive them to save their cat. The four friends pile into Brooks’ car, and as luck would have it, Brooks was pulled over during 84mph in a 55mph zone–at the very exit of the all night veterinary clinic. The cat was in the car, as was the cat owner, and everyone was begging the officer to let them move on to the vet. The cop was a dog lover, so he wouldn’t let them continue on their journey (well, I made up the part about the cop being a dog lover. Obviously, this officer hates all of God’s little creatures, dogs and cats included, as you’ll soon discover). The officer refused to let anyone, including the dying cat, leave for the veterinary clinic. So, the cat dies. Gone to kitty heaven. Which, may be a better place–but still–how cold can you be?

To add insult to injury, the trial judge would not allow Brooks’ defense attorney to present a ‘necessity defense’ instruction to the jury. Seems a little harsh to not even permit such an instruction to be read (doesn’t mean they have to believe it), but that denial is why Brooks appealed his conviction. So, the first thing the appeals court decided was whether or not the necessity defense is available on a DUI charge. Yes, the defense is available on a DUI, but only in cases where there is no reasonable alternative to driving under the influence to address the perceived emergency. There are five elements to a necessity defense:

1) The defendant reasonably believed that his action was necessary to avoid an imminent threat of danger or serious bodily injury to himself or others,
2) The defendant did not intentionally or recklessly place himself in a situation in which it would be probable that he would be forced to choose the criminal conduct,
3) There existed no other adequate means to avoid the threatened harm except the criminal conduct,
4) The harm sought to be avoided was more egregious than the criminal conduct perpetrated to avoid it, and
5) The defendant ceased the criminal conduct as soon as the necessity or apparent necessity for it ended.

(Quoted from Reed v. State, 114 So. 3d 969, 972 (Fla. 5th DCA 2012)

This case hinged upon element #1 above, that Brooks’ action be necessary to avoid injury to himself or others. The court held that “we do not interpret the phrase ‘or others’ as applying to animals”. As such, the court denied his appeal, letting the felony conviction stand, reasoning that “although Mr. Brooks’ wish to obtain treatment for the ailing feline is understandable, the elements of the defense and the plain language of the jury instruction compel us to the conclusion that a claim of necessity is not available as a defense to a DUI charge in Florida when the asserted emergency involves the threat of harm to an animal instead of a person”. Id. at 422.

So, not only did the cat die, but the hero in this story is now a convicted felon. I wish I could leave you on a better note, but I’ve got nothing. 8-ball, puddles, Tinkerbell, whatever your name was little kitty–may you rest in peace.

John’s Takeaways

• The Necessity Defense is Real: You can legally justify committing a lesser crime if it was truly necessary to prevent a more serious, imminent harm to a person.
• All 5 Elements Must Be Met: To succeed, your case must satisfy every single requirement of the necessity defense. Failure to prove just one element will cause the defense to fail.
• The Defense Does NOT Apply to Animals: As the Brooks case clearly shows, Florida courts have ruled that acting to save an animal’s life is not a valid necessity defense against a charge like DUI.
• Facts Matter: While the cat case failed, a similar case involving a human medical emergency (like the heart attack example) could have a very different outcome.

About the Author, John Guidry II

John Guidry II is a seasoned criminal defense attorney and founder of the Law Firm of John P. Guidry II, P.A., located in downtown Orlando next to the Orange County Courthouse, where he has practiced for over 30 years. With more than three decades of experience defending clients throughout Central Florida since 1993, Guidry has successfully defended thousands of cases in Orange, Seminole, Osceola, Brevard, Lake, and Volusia counties. He has built a reputation for his strategic approach to criminal defense, focusing on pretrial motions and case dismissals rather than jury trials.

Guidry earned both his Juris Doctorate and Master of Business Administration from St. Louis University in 1993. He is a member of the Florida Bar and the Florida Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers. His practice encompasses the full spectrum of Florida state criminal charges, with a particular emphasis on achieving favorable outcomes through thorough pretrial preparation and motion practice.

Beyond the courtroom, Guidry is a prolific legal educator who has authored over 400 articles on criminal defense topics. He shares his legal expertise through his popular YouTube channel, Instagram, and TikTok accounts, where he has built a substantial following of people eager to learn about the law. His educational content breaks down complex legal concepts into accessible information for the general public.

When not practicing law, Guidry enjoys tennis and pickleball, and loves to travel. Drawing from his background as a former recording studio owner and music video producer in the Orlando area, he brings a creative perspective to his legal practice and continues to apply his passion for video production to his educational content.